Abstract
According to Indian Systems of Medicine, Alocassia macrorhiza (L.) belonging to the family (Araceae), were used
for treating male sexual disorders since ancient times. Aim of this study to evaluate the phytochemical constituents and theaphrodisiac potential of the petroleum ether extract of leaves of Alocassia macrorhiza (L.) on ethanol induced testiculartoxicity in albino wistar rats. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids and saponins. All the doses resulted in significant increase in mount frequency, intromission frequency and significantly prolonged the ejaculatory latency (P < 0.05) and reduced mount and intromission latency (P < 0.05). There was also a significant increase in serum testosteroneconcentrations in all the groups in a manner suggestive of dose-dependence (P < 0.05). Results of this study concluded that the petroleum ether extract of Alocassia macrorhiza (L.) increased the blood testosterone concentrations and this may be the mechanism responsible for its aphrodisiac effects and various masculine behaviors. It may be used to modify impaired sexualfunctions in animals, induced testicular toxicity in albino wistar rats.

Abstract
Ficus nervosa Heyne ex Roth (Moraceae) is used in Chinese traditional medicines for treating inflammation, cancer
and pain .including diabetes mellitus. The anti-diabetic effects of the petroleum ether extracts of the Ficus nervosa (PEFN) on alloxan-induced diabetes were evaluated on albino wistar rats. After oral administration of each PEFN singly or repeatedly to alloxan-induced diabetic rats, the blood glucose, total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels were assayed. The blood glucose levels after a single oral administration of the petroleum ether extract significantly reduced (p <0.01) in a timedependent manner. Repeated oral administration of the ethanolic extract also effectively reduced the blood glucose in diabetic rats. (p < 0.01). PEFN (200 & 400 mg/kg) treated groups showed significant reduction (p < 0.01) in the serum levels of Total cholesterol and Triglycerides. The results suggested that the ethanolic extract of Ficus nervosa possesses a potential hypoglycaemic effect with potential hypolipidemic effect.

Keywords: Hypoglycaemic; Hypolipidemic; Ficus nervosa; Alloxan-induced diabetic rats

ABSTRACT
The present study was designed to investigate neuropharmacological profile of portulaca olaracea l. Sativa leaves in
rats. Spontaneous motor responses were monitored and the anxiolytic, antidepressant-like effects were assessed in both extroceptive and introceptive stimuli models, and forced swim test, tail suspension tests respectively. Preliminary extraction was subjected to acute oral toxicity study according to the OECD guidelines no 423. Based on that, two dose levels i.e. 200 and 300mg/kg were selected for further study. Oral administration of the extract showed the significant results. The results from this study strongly suggest that P.olaracea possesses varied effects on the nervous system as it showed a reduction in locomotor activity, anti convulsant activity, muscle relaxant activity, anxiolytic activity, antidepressant activity, and learning and memory effects in conscious animals. Further studies using different models are needed to clarify its effects on central nervous system.

Keywords: Portulaca olaracea, neuropharmacological, anxiolytic, antidepressant.

ABSTRACT
The drug is obtained from the dried whole plants of Premna corymbosa of family Verbenaceae. It is also called
Munna, Arni, Agnimanthah etc. Literature survey revealed that the hydroalcoholic extract of roots of Premna corymbosa Rottl possess anti hyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antihyperlipidemic and antibacterial activity. The major chemical constituents obtained from it is flavanoids, alkaloids etc. The root is regarded as an alternative tonic and useful in the diseases of nervous system. To confirm the veracity of aforementioned claim, we have evaluated the anticonvulsant effect of the extract. In this investigation, the mice were pretreated with different doses of Premna corymbosa extract (200, 400mg/kg) for 10 days and then, they were subjected to Pentylenetetrazole (80 mg/kg) and maximal electroshock seizures (50mA, 0.2s) treatment. The methanolic extract of Premna corymbosa at the dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg significantly delayed the latency to the onset of first clonus of Pentylenetetrazole treated mice respectively. Whereas in case of maximal electroshock-seizures, the dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg significantly reduced the duration of hind limb extension and both the doses were statistically found to be equipotent. The reference standards, diazepam (2 mg/kg) and Phenytoin (25 mg/kg) provided complete protection. Thus,present study revealed anticonvulsant effect of Premna corymbosa against Pentylenetetrazole and maximal electroshockinduced convulsions in mice.

KEYWORDS: Anticonvulsant, Premna corymbosa, MES, PTZ.

ABSTRACT
Mortality and morbidity are still high in cardiovascular disease. Myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury leading to
myocardial infarction is one of the most frequent causes of the death in human. Atherosclerosis is the major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Coronary artery disease is a common and serious condition due to an underlying pathology of atherosclerosis, which is caused mainly by increased levels of low-density lipoprotein that accumulate in the walls of the coronary arteries. The main treatment option for high cholesterol levels is a group of cholesterol-lowering drugs called HMGCoA reductase inhibitors (statins). They act mainly on the liver enzymes responsible for cholesterol synthesis, reducing the production of cholesterol. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) have now become one of the most powerful pharmacological strategies in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Originally, the cardioprotective effects of statins were thought to be mediated through lipid lowering actions. However, the beneficial effects of statins in heart not only lipid lowering effects, it also having number of pleiotropic actions. Specifically in ischemic heart disease, statins have protective action through increasing the endogenous antioxidant system that can be augmented by inducing another important cellular component called Heat shock proteins (HSP) mediated through BAG-1 Modulation. Statins also have the effects on eNOS induction. In this article, we review the mechanism of cardioprotection of statins and the mechanism of potential beneficial effects of statins in ischemic heart disease.

Keywords: Ischemic reperfusion injury, Statins, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, IHD, Lipid lowering drugs

There have been contrasting findings of recent comparative reviews of the standard of anaesthesia. There was no statistical difference between the two formulations as both preparations were administered to adults for the prescribed duration for maximum anaesthesia. However, when applied to infants, Amithocaine gel tended to have superior anaesthesia for a time shorter than that recommended for lidocaine + prilocaine. It has been shown that topical local anaesthetic agents alleviate the pain caused by children during venepuncture and venous cannulation. Lidocaine + prilocaine has been available for many years and requires a minimum of 60 minutes of application time. The goal of our research was to determine the efficacy of 4% amethocaine against lidocaine 2.5% percent and prilocaine 2.5%, in paediatric patients undergoing local anesthesia. In this study, 72% of children in the amethocaine group had either no reaction or a slight facial grimace to cannulation, compared with 55% of children in the Lidocaine + prilocaine group. Overall, the children showed slightly less discomfort in the amethocaine group than in the Lidocaine + prilocaine group.