Since the time of the Charak and Sushruta many herbal medicines in different oral formulations have been recommended for Madhumeha and confident claims of cure are on record. The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of processed and unprocessed Curcumin longa L. on biochemical parameters, and lipid peroxidation in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Acute Toxicity study was carried as per the OECD guidelines. Wistar rats (250 - 300 kg) were selected and grouped into hyperglycemic, control, standard drug Gilpizide, unprocessed turmeric and processed turmeric. Besides control group Alloxan was administered in all animals as a single dose (50 mg/kg, i.v.) to induce diabetes. A dose of 300 mg of processed and unprocessed turmeric/kg of body weight was orally administered daily for four weeks after induction of diabetic. Glipizide dose of 5 mg/kg of body weight was used as the standard which produced a significant reduction in blood glucose level. The biochemical parameters such as glucose, Cholesterol, Triglycerides, High density lipoprotein (HDL), Low density lipoprotein(LDL), Very low density lipoprotein ( VLDL) and glycosylated Haemoglobin were checked using standard kits and methods before and after administration of the unprocessed and processes turmeric. Increase in reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) clearly showed the antioxidant property of the unprocessed turmeric is more than processed turmeric. Histological changes in the pancreas were also examined. There was significantly reduction in the glucose, Cholesterol, Triglyceride, LDL, VLDL and glycosylated Haemoglobin (p≤0.05), while HDL increases significantly. The present results showed that unprocessed turmeric exerted antioxidant and anti-hyperglycemic and anti-lipidemic effects more than processed turmeric and consequently may alleviate pancreas damage caused by alloxan-induced diabetes.

ABSTRACT Malaxis rheedei Sw. belongs to the family Orchidaceae, is commonly Known as Jeevakam. The present investigation was carried out to determine the possible bioactive components whole plant extract of Malaxis rheedei by using GC-MS analysis. The GC-MS analysis provides different peaks determining the presence of 42 compounds were identified from the whole plant extract of Malaxis rheedei. The main compounds in the Methanol extract of whole plant extract of Malaxis rheedei were identified as 2,6,10,14,18,22-Tetracosahexaene, 2,6, (17.07%), n-Nonadecanol-1 (11.47%), 4,7,10,13,16,19-Docosahexaenoic acid(8.83%), Oxirane, hexadecyl-(7.19%), Phytol (6.97%) and 2,6,10-Trimethyl, 14-Ethylene-1(6.26%). The aim of the present work was to understand the chemical constituents of plant and also highlight the actual significance of the traditional medicinal practices of this potential medicinal plant. Keywords: Malaxis rheedei, Orchidaceae, Methanol extracts, GC-MS Analysis.

ABSTRACT Poisoning in various forms is an important cause of mortality and morbidity. It occurs in all societies, across all racial and socio economic groups. The nature of poison used varies in different parts of the world and may vary even in different parts of the same country depending on the socioeconomic factors and cultural diversity. Hence the present study was done to know the epidemiological pattern of acute poisoning in a tertiary care hospital. This was a retrospective study conducted in a tertiary care hospital in South India, data was obtained from medical records department from April 2011 to March 2014. Data regarding age, sex, time elapsed after intake, type of poison, circumstances of poisoning, chemical type, time to present to hospital, duration of hospitalization, severity and outcome were collected. Maximum cases of poisoning were in males and in the age group of 31- 40 years followed by 21-30 years. Majority of poisoning cases were due to organophosphorus followed by drugs and rat/lice killer. Most common organophosphorus compound consumed was Endosulphen followed by baygon and diazinon. The drugs used for poisoning were alprazolam, diazepam, cough syrups, paracetamol, iron tablets and mixture of tablets. Most cases were suicidal 239 (76.9%), only one case was homicidal. Mortality was highest in corrosive poisoning followed by organosphophorus and kerosene. Most common time of consumption of poison and mortality was 12 noon to 6 pm. Most common season of consumption of poison was rainy season from June to August and the mortality was highest in summer season. Mortality was highest when the time lapse was between 5-10 hours and when hospital stay was more than 10 days. Epidemiological studies on poisoning will help in identifying patterns and patient profile of acute poisoning and help in formulating more effective preventive and management guidelines. Keywords: Organophosphates, Poisoning, Suicide, Emergency department.

ABSTRACT Kiwi fruit is one of the superb fruit gifted by god to human being having composition of all the crucial phytochemicals and nutrients that are required for good health. Scientifically, it is known as Actnidia deleciosa belonging to Actinidiaceae family. It is originated from China and one of the most popular fruit in western hemisphere. It is the national fruit of China. The word Kiwi derives from New Zealand’s national bird name Kiwi. It is an excellent package of bioactive compounds, nutrients and minerals, which make it a sound dietary supplement. It is used as an energy booster and has valuable medicinal properties like anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-HIV, anti-microbial, anti-proliferative, anti-asthmatic, anti-platelet, anti-hypertensive etc. Seeds of Kiwi plant have blood thinner property due to the presence of vitamin E and omega-3 fatty acids. It can be used as meat tenderizer due to presence of actinidin enzyme. Traditionally, it was consumed as fruit. It is now being recognized as a medicinal fruit. The present review covers comprehensively up-to-date information on the synonyms, nutritional value, phyto-constituents and pharmacological profile of Kiwi fruit. Keywords: Actnidia deleciosa, Kiwi fruit, Phyto-chemicals, Nutrients, Therapeutic uses.

ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to investigate antiseizure effect of the methanol extract of bark of Tectona grandis Linn (METG) on Maximal electroshock (MES) induced seizures. The methanol extract of Tectona grandis Linn (METG) was subjected to acute toxicity and then screened for anticonvulsant activity on Maximal Electroshock (MES) induced seizures models in albino wistar rats. Also estimated the effect of methanolic extract of Tectona grandis Linn (METG) on biogenic amine concentrations in rat brain after induction of seizures by MES. Study results showed, the mean duration of extensor phase of treated groups reduced significant level than compared to control group. In MES model, METG (200 & 400 mg/kg) showed significantly restored the decreased levels of brain monoamines such as Noradrenaline (NA), Dopamine (DA), Serotonin (5HT) and GABA. Thus, this study suggests that methanolic extract of Tectona grandis Linn increased the monoamines on rat brain, which may be decreased the susceptibility to MES induced seizure in rats. Keywords: Antiseizure Activity, Tectona grandis, Maximal electroshock, Monoamines.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to find out the effect of lithium on responses induced by cholinergic and adrenergic drugs on isolated smooth muscle preparations. Guinea-pigs, albino rats of either sex and a matured rabbit were used in these experiments. In each experiment, the animal was killed humanely and the throat was cut to bleed. The abdomen was opened and a piece of ileum (3-4 cm long) was removed and mounted in an organ bath of 50 ml capacity containing tyrode solution which was maintained at 37oC and continuously aerated with oxygen throughout the experiment. The tissue was allowed to equilibrate for 30 minutes before adding Lithium chloride, ACh, Methacholine and Noradrenaline. The contraction or relaxation of muscles induced by drugs was recorded isotonically using microdynamometer. The effect of lithium chloride on guinea-pig ileum was observed to be concentration dependent contraction, whereas at concentrations between 200μg/ml to 400μg/ml it exhibited a biphasic action. The contractile activity of ACh at lower concentrations of lithium was not concentration dependent. However, at higher lithium concentrations the activity of Ach on the isolated guinea pig ileum was observed to be concentration dependent. A similar observation was made with methacholine at varying lithium concentrations. The effect of lithium chloride on isolated rabbit jejunum was hyperpolarizing and concentration dependent. Again, it was observed that the higher the lithium concentration the higher the relaxing effect of noradrenaline on the rabbit jejenum. Lithium produced relaxation of the rat duodenum in a dose dependent manner by adrenaline. The relaxation of rat duodenum produced by adrenaline was not concentration dependent. However, as the concentration of lithium chloride increases the hyperpolarizing activity of noradrenaline also increases. Lithium ion was found to alter the depolarizing and hyperpolarizing activities of cholinergic and adrenergic drugs on isolated smooth muscle preparations. Keywords: Lithium, cholinergic, adrenergic, smooth muscle.

ABSTRACT Haematostaphis barteri has an extensive ethno botanical use in many areas and has been used for centuries as medicinal plant especially the leaves in the treatment of diverse medical ailments. The present study was designed to evaluate the phytochemical screening and acute toxicity study of the leaf extracts of Haematostaphis barteri. The fresh leaves of Haematostaphis barteri were collected from Hildi village of Hong local government of Adamawa state. The leaves were air dried, powdered and extracted using 95% methanol and water. Phytochemical screening and acute toxicity testing of the extract were conducted. The methanol extract was found to be relatively less toxic, while both the extracts were tested positive for alkaloids, alkaloid salts, saponins and tannis. The leaf extracts of Haematostaphis barteri was found to be less toxic and contain alot of phytochemical compounds which amply justifies the traditional use of this plant in north eastern Nigeria. Keywords: Haematostaphis barteri, Methanol, Phytochemistry, Acute toxicity.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder of multiple etiology characterized by chronic hyper glycaemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both1.In 2000, an estimated 171 million people in the world had diabetes and this is projected to increase to 366 million by 2030. The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that for some 3.4 billion people in the developing world. Plants represent the primary source of medicines. The mung bean Vigna radiata (L.) is a legume cultivated for its edible seeds and sprouts across Asia, belongs to Fabaceae family.Vigna radiateused for paralysis, rheumatism, coughs, fevers and liver ailments. The acute oral toxicity was performed as per OECD 423 guidelines. Wistar albino rats were divided into five groups of six animals each. Group I were normal, Group II were STZ (55 mg/kg b.w., i.p) induced diabetic animals. Group III STZ (55 mg/kg b.w., i.p) induced diabetic animals were treated with Glibenclamide 5mg/kg b.w/p.o, Group IV STZ (55 mg/kg b.w., i.p) induced diabetic animals were treated with HAEVR (Hydro alcoholic extract of Vigna radiata (L.)) 200mg/kg b.w/ p.o Group V STZ (55 mg/kg b.w., i.p) induced diabetic animals were treated with HAEVR 400mg/kg b w/p.o for 28 days. On 28th day all animals were sacrificed and HDL, LDL, SGOT, SGPT, triglycerides, urea, creatinine and total protein were estimated.